This paper was presented by Bill Bowtell, a senior research associate at the Lowy Institute, at the 'Commemorative Symposium on the Fifth Anniversary of the Okinawa Summit: East Asian Regional Response to HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria' held in Tokyo on June 30, 2005. A revised version of the paper will be part of a forthcoming publication due to be published in October 2005 by Friends of the Global Fund, Japan (FGFJ), which has its secretariat at the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE).Bill Bowtell